#1 Detache

The name of detache can sound a bit confusing because it sounds like the word "detached". Detache means to play the notes smoothly while switching bow direction on each note. There should be no spaces or gaps in between the notes; each note should flow directly into the next. This is the most basic violin bow stroke and likely the one that you will learn (or did learn) first. Detache requires no special marking. If the notes do not have any markings on them, use the detache bow stroke.

#2 Legato

Legato specifically refers to notes underneath slurs. A slur is a curvy line that connects two or more notes (seen below). The notes underneath the slur are meant to be played in the same bow direction. When using the legato bow stroke, each note underneath the slur should be the same length and the same volume, which means that the bow speed and pressure need to remain constant throughout.

#3 Staccato

Staccato means "separated", and is indicated by dots above or below the notes. When performing staccato, there should be a slight pause or space in between each note. Staccato is most often played in the middle or lower part of the bow, using about an inch of bow; however, it technically can be played in any part of the bow and with any amount of bow.

#4 Portato

Portato is indicated by notes with lines above or beneath them covered by a slur. Similar to legato, portato notes will be slurred (going in the same bow direction); however, when using portato, the player will vary the bow speed. There should be a slight, gentle separation between each note. To achieve this, move the bow faster at the beginning of the note, and then allow the bow to slow down at the end of the note, creating that slight space.

#5 Spiccato

Spiccato is an off-the-string bow stroke where the bow hair bounces off the string in between each note. Spiccato is easiest in the lower to lower middle part of the bow, using about an inch of bow. Spiccato is notated by dots over or under the notes, just like staccato. The tempo determines which one you use; staccato is slower and spiccato is faster. In order to perform spiccato, the player must have a soft and flexible right hand.